MAROCCO: Lettera aperta a Hillary Clinton in occasione della sua visita in Marocco

arton34870-fd704Secretary of State Hillary Clinton
US Department of State
Washington DC
USA

Paris, 28 October 2009

Dear Secretary of State Clinton,

Reporters Without Borders, an organisation that defends press freedom worldwide, would like to draw your attention to the disturbing deterioration in the press freedom situation in Morocco on the eve of your official visit to that country on 2-3 November.

Ten years after Mohammed VI’s accession to the throne in 1999, the record is very uneven. The start of his reign saw real advances but they were followed by reverses and tension, especially from July 2009 onwards. Courts have ordered Moroccan newspapers to pay more than 2 million euros in fines and damages since 1999, while journalists have been sentenced to a combined total of 28 years in prison.

Although fewer topics had seemed to be still off-limits in recent years thanks to the independent press’s tenacity and an apparent desire on the part of King Mohammed to ease restrictions, the Royal Palace has reaffirmed some of the taboos in recent months, especially those affecting the image of the king and members of the royal family.

Prosecutions are being brought against news media and journalists, who are being sentenced to jail terms or to pay exorbitant damages awards as the judicial system deploys an arsenal of sanctions designed to intimidate and financially asphyxiate the independent press.

At the end of a trial that did not respect defence rights, a Rabat court sentenced Driss Chahtaneof the newspaper Al-Michaal on 15 October to a year in prison over an article about the king’s health. Two other journalists, Rachid Mahamid and Mustapha Hayrane, were given three-month jail terms in connection with the same article and all three were ordered to pay several thousand dirhams in damages. Chahtane was arrested and jailed that evening.

As a result of a supreme court ruling on 30 September, Le Journal Hebdomadaire, one of Morocco’s few independent newspapers, was ordered to pay 250,000 euros in damages on 18 October in connection with a libel suit brought in 2006 by a think-tank based abroad over an article about Western Sahara. If the weekly is forced to pay, its survival will be in doubt.

On 26 October, a court in Rabat gave Ali Anouzla, the editor of the daily Al-Jarida Al-Oula, a one-year suspended jail sentenced and fined him 10,000 dirhams (885 euros) on a charge of publishing false information and “mendacious allegations and facts with the intention of causing harm” in a 27 August article that contradicted a bulletin about King Mohammed’s health. Bouchra Eddou, a journalist charged with complicity in the same case, got a three-month suspended sentenced and a fine of 5,000 dirhams (455 euros). Both say they will appeal.

Taoufiq Bouachrine, the publisher of the Casablanca-based newspaper Akhbar al-Youm, and cartoonist Khalid Gueddar will be the targets of two parallel lawsuits on 30 October in connection with a cartoon of Moulay Ismaïl, a cousin of the king, that appeared in its 26-27 September issue. One of the actions, brought by the interior ministry, accuses them of “attacking an emblem of the kingdom.” The other, brought by Ismaïl himself, is demanding 266,000 euros in damages for “failing to accord due respect to a member of the royal family.” The newspaper’s headquarters have meanwhile been closed and are being guarded by police.

Reporters Without Borders has just completed a visit to Morocco in which it met with journalists and representatives of Moroccan media in difficulty and publicly expressed its support at a news conference yesterday in Casablanca.

Reporters Without Borders urges you to use the opportunity offered by your visit to Morocco to talk about the difficulties that the independent media are facing and to raise this crucial issue with the Moroccan authorities. The aim of the Forum of the Future which the US government set up in 2004 is to promote democratisation in the Broader Middle East and North Africa region. Press freedom is an essential component of this democratisation.

We thank you in advance for the attention you give to this matter.
Sincerely,

Jean-François Julliard
Secretary-General

BIRMANIA: Almeno tre giornalisti e blogger arrestati nel giro di vite sul gruppo Lin Let Kye, una rete cittadina di volontari che ha aiutato le vittime del ciclone Nargis, che ha devastato il sud del paese l’anno scorso

arton34874-5bf88Reporters Without Borders and the Burma Media Association condemn the arrests of at least three Burmese journalists and bloggers in a crackdown on Lin Let Kye, a citizen network of volunteers that has been helping the victims of Cyclone Nargis, which devastated the south of the country last year.

“Last month, the authorities released several journalists who had been arrested for covering the post-Nargis situation, but now the security forces are arresting more journalists for the same reason,” the two organisations said. “We call for them to be released without delay.”

Paing Soe Oo, a blogger and active member for the Lin Let Kye group, was arrested at his home in Dagon Seikkan, near Rangoon. The police who arrested him confiscated some of his notes which contained the names of other Lin Let Kye members. Journalists Thant Zin Soe and Nyi Nyi Htunwere also arrested for their membership in the group.

The authorities have repeatedly obstructed coverage of Cyclone Nargis’s effects by both Burmese and foreign journalists. Burma was ranked 171st out of 175 countries in the Reporters Without Borders press freedom index.

COLOMBIA: La giornalista Claudia Julieta Duque, sotto un programma del ministero degli interni di protezione per i giornalisti, ha detto a RSF delle vessazioni e intimidazioni che riceve da parte dei servizi segreti

arton34864-80fb1claudia_Duque-2Journalist Claudia Julieta Duque, who is under an interior ministry protection programme for journalists, has told Reporters Without Borders of harassment and intimidation by the intelligence services, who obtained information about her from her alleged protectors.

Duque, of Radio Nizkor, is about to present a file to the authorities exposing the persecution she has suffered since 2001 at the hands of the Department of Administrative Security Department (DAS). Some evidence is already in the hands of the office of the Public Prosecutor.

Several individuals attempted to get into her home, when she was absent on 16 October, although her brother, who was in the apartment at the time, managed to deter them.

The intruders left the apartment but remained in the building and can be seen on security cameras talking on mobile phones. The building’s caretaker, who was tipped off by the journalist’s brother, did not however intervene and let them out of the building without questioning them or informing anyone and they left in four cars waiting outside.

The behaviour of the intruders makes it hard to imagine it was an attempted theft. The day of the incident, the journalist’s telephone was blocked between 12am and 7pm and two of the building’s 20 security cameras were not working.

Added to this string of “coincidences” was a series of suspicious phone calls made to her family wanting to know where the journalist was. Duque has also said that she has been regularly followed since July.

“Knowing the past history of the DAS in spying on journalists and the media, which we have several times condemned, it is hardly surprising, albeit outrageous, that the journalists’ protection programme should itself be infiltrated by the intelligence services”, the worldwide press freedom organisation said.

“After the “chuzadas” (dirty war) scandal, this case is even more devastating for the presidency. Sooner or later President Alvaro Uribe will have to take responsibility for the abuses that are directly endangering the lives of journalists, when he should, on the contrary, protect them”, it added.

The journalist on 23 October handed a letter to the interior ministry protection programme, in the presence of a representative from the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, calling for a directive to outlaw spying and discrimination against journalists working as columnists and commentators.

She also made a series of practical demands in relation to her safety. She is now refusing to be escorted, given that these former bodyguards were those who apparently revealed information to the intelligence services between 2006 and 2007.

The journalist also disclosed that before she was protected by bodyguards, the DAS had been tapping her phone calls and monitoring her emails, had filmed her while she was travelling, took photos of her daughter, all in a threatening context for the profession - condemned by Reporters Without Borders in 2004.

Duque has also said that she has evidence that a charge of “insult and slander” that was pending against her for five years, pressed by the ex deputy director of the DAS, Emiro Rojas, was part of the secret services’ persecution strategy against her.

Duque has however decided to keep her protection. “I have a duty to expose what has happened, but I will stay in the programme because the state has the duty to protect me”, she told Reporters Without Borders.

After leaving the protection programme in April 2008, she rejoined it after the constitutional court ordered the interior ministry to guarantee her safety and the DAS to hand over illegally obtained information.

Reporters Without Borders said it hoped the involvement of the UN, sought by Duque, would finally lead to a thorough and impartial investigation of the actions of the DAS.

RUSSIA: Video della conferenza stampa tenuta da RSF in occasione del 3° anniversario dell’assassinio di Anna Politkovskaya

arton34227-e603fQuesto è un estratto della conferenza stampa tenuta in occasione del 3° anniversario dell’assassinio di Anna Politkovskaja.

La conferenza è stata organizzata da Reporters sans Frontères a Mosca, il 6 ottobre 2009.
In questo estratto (con sottotitoli in inglese) compaiono:

  • Ilya Politkovsky, figlio di Anna Politkovskaya
  • Tikhon Dzyadko, corrispondente russo per Reporters sans Frontères
  • Sergey Sokolov, redattore della Novaya Gazeta

Il video completo sarà presto disponibile su questo sito.

CINA: Un’indagine di RSF sui siti Uyghur bloccati dimostra come lo Xinjiang sia ancora tagliato fuori dal mondo

arton34859-74de3Reporters Without Borders has surveyed access to websites dedicated to the Uyghur community, including sites in the Uyghur language, in Mandarin and sometimes in English. These sites, operated by Uyghurs for Uyghurs, are for the most part inaccessible both to Internet users based in Xinjiang and those abroad. More than 85 per cent of the surveyed sites were blocked, censored or otherwise unreachable.

“The discrimination to which Uyghurs have been subjected for decades as regards their freedom of expression and their religious and economic freedom now applies to their Internet access as well,” Reporters Without Borders said. “Four months after the violence in Urumqi, the Chinese authorities continue to keep the province cut off from the rest of the world. We must not be duped by the illusion of normality. Most Uyghurs still cannot go online, send SMS messages or even make phone calls.”

The press freedom organisation added: “The official reason given for this blackout, that ‘terrorists used the Internet and SMS messaging,’ is unacceptable. Do the Pakistani or Afghan authorities suspend the Internet because terrorists sent email messages? No. The Chinese government seems more interested in preventing Xinjiang’s inhabitants from circulating information about the real situation in the province, especially about the crackdown after the July riots.”

Reporters Without Borders urges the authorities to restore Internet and phone connections in Xinjiang without delay. “The dozens of websites in the Uyghur language and websites about Xinjiang that have been closed must be allowed to reopen and those who edit them must have freedom of movement,” the organisation added.

Carried out in October, the survey examined around 100 Uyghur websites, portals, forums, blogs and other kinds of online platform. Various factors were considered, such as the country in which the site is based, the type of site (such as forum or blog), the type of content (such as news, politics, culture or sport), the language, and the problems encountered when the attempt was made to visit the site (such as change of address, overly long delay in opening or error message).

The results highlight the degree of paralysis of the Uyghur Internet during the pasts four months. The more than 85 per cent of the sites that are inaccessible include very popular ones such as Diyarim (www.diyarim.com), Xabnam (www.xabnam.com) and Ulinix (www.ulinix.com), a site registered in the name of the University of Xinjiang that served as a portal.

More than half of the websites – including Uzmakan (www.uzmakan.com) and Uzonline (www.uzonline.net), whose addresses refer explicitly to the Uyghur community – are inaccessible because of interminable connection delays. Others have for months been displaying temporary error messages, which disguise the fact that they have been closed down for good.

The few accessible sites such as Uighurbiz (www.uighurbiz.net) are based in other countries, often the United States, where there is a sizable Uyghur diaspora, or are based in China but have a content that is in no way political and have no sensitive information, such as Blogbus (www.qutyar.blogbus.com).

Some sites are the victims of targeted censorship. The news section of the Gazina website (www.gazina.com) was inaccessible during the survey but its music and cinema sections were working. The Akburkut (www.akburkut.com), Tahdir (bbs.tahdir.com), Uyghurum (www.uyghurum.net) and Karamet (
http://karamet.5d6d.com
) websites did not let visitors register in order to post messages.

Many reports have confirmed Xinjiang’s isolation since July 2009 and the severe problems being encountered by Internet café owners, online stores, and students while they wait for the Internet to resume working. Ordinary residents are also hard put to send or receive emails or text messages.

The Chinese authorities meanwhile continue to regularly censor websites in general. An average of one site is shut down every two days. This is what happened on 24 October, for example, to the blogs on the Free China Forum (
http://zyzg.us
.), one of the most influential political debate platforms.

Similarly, Window of Southern Breeze, a website linked to the Guangzhou Daily News Corporation’s online magazine, was blocked on 26 October after it posted an article from the 21 October print issue about incidents involving the police. Other sites that had reproduced the article had to remove it.

TUNISIA: Arresto di un giornalista e un assalto feroce a un altro dopo la rielezione con l’89,6% di Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali come presidente, per la quinta volta

arton34852-f7d7dReporters Without Borders today condemned the arrest of one journalist and a vicious assault on another following the re-election of Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali as president for the fifth time on 24 October.

In the run-up to polling, the president publicly warned his detractors that the law would be “brought to bear on anyone casting accusations or doubts on the integrity of the electoral process without solid evidence”. Once the head of state was re-elected with 89.62% of the vote, the regime’s henchmen have wasted no time in putting these threats into effect, the worldwide press freedom organisation said.

“The arrest of Taoufik Ben Brik and the assault on Slim Boukhdhir constitute unacceptable violations of press freedom,” the organisation said. “We call on the international community to react to these actions worthy of a criminal regime, the day after the re-election of Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali.”

Ben Brik was arrested today when he answered a summons for an alleged assault on a woman in the street last week. Everything points to the being a case trumped up by the authorities to attack the journalist who has written critical articles about President Ben Ali. He was taken to the Bouchoucha detention centre in Tunis and is due to go before a judge tomorrow.

Independent journalist Slim Boukhdhir was physically assaulted by five men in civilian clothes as he got out of a taxi in the Bardo district of Tunis on his way home yesterday. Two hours earlier, he had given an interview to the BBC about the Reporters Without Borders’ report based on a fact-finding visit to Tunisia. He had said it was impossible for independent journalists to do their job.

Boukhdhir was manhandled into a car parked nearby and after blindfolding him, the men unleashed a stream of blows on his face and all over this body, insulting and threatening him, along with his family. They stripped him and threatened him with a flick knife. “They drove for a long time, so long that I had the impression that we were in Radis forest, 6km from Tunis. The blows were raining down on me so hard my face was on fire”, he said.

The men dumped Boukhdhir near Belvédère park in the north of the city, robbed of all his possessions, clothes, papers, money and telephone. He managed to reach the home of some friends who took him to hospital, where he was signed off for 14 days with a broken nose, damaged vision in the left eye, bruises to the face, ribs, shoulders, back and legs. He said he would be laying a formal complaint.

EMIRATI ARABI UNITI: Il racconto esclusivo di Courtney C. Radsch, una giornalista americana che è stata recentemente licenziata dal sito web di news Al Arabiya (www.alarabiya.net) negli Emirati Arabi Uniti per l’invio di informazioni sulle violazioni di sicurezza da parte del vettore aereo nazionale, Emirates Airlines.

arton34849-b696fThe exclusive account of Courtney C. Radsch, a US journalist who was recently fired by the Al Arabiya news website (www.alarabiya.net) in the United Arab Emirates for posting information about safety violations by the national air carrier, Emirates Airlines.

“ On Sunday Oct. 4 one of my reporters asked me if we could write about a report on safety concerns at Emirates Airlines following a report about pilot fatigue. Since the report was from a respected Australian paper based on a Freedom of Information Request (FOIA) for a report from the FAA (Federal Aviation Authority) and I assessed that the story was newsworthy and in the public interest. We sought and received a response from the airline which we featured in the lede and devoted an entire section of the story to. The story was on the site for about 4 hours before I received a call from Dawood al-Shirian, the manager of AlArabiya.net, telling me to remove the story from the site.

He provided no explanation and I refused to remove the story without a discussion about its merits explaining that to do so would compromise my journalistic principles. I have built a reputation as a journalist based on my professionalism, credibility and refusal to compromise on journalistic standards. I spoke with Nakhle al-Hajj, who had also expressed concern over the story, but was willing to discuss its merits. He asked me if I had spoken to a pilot or anyone else who could corroborate some of the issues in the report and I agreed to do so and add this to the story. I asked whether if I were to do that it would alleviate the need to remove the story. I interviewed an EA employee on the record anonymously who confirmed that fatigue among pilots and crew was a problem and that the airline was not adhering to the required rest time between legs and I added this to the story. I hoped that this would assuage Dawood’s concerns and attempted to call him 15 times, sent 2 text messages and an email but never received a response. He refused to take my calls and told the Arabic editor, when he called on my behalf, that he was in a meeting. I spoke to my Arabic colleagues and they explained that they had been told a few months ago not to publish anything about the airline. This had never been conveyed to me or my English team and I told them this. As it turns out the head of Emirates Airlines is also the head of the aviation authority and an al-Maktoum, a member of the ruling family. About 6 hours after posting the story I agreed to take it down out of concern for my and my fellow journalist’s personal safety (it was a dual byline story). We did not want to land in jail or be fined, which according to the new media law, was a real possibility. I decided that if Al Arabiya was unwilling to standup for what’s right and publish an important article that I was not willing to go to jail for Al Arabiya.

But an hour later we saw that Gulf News, considered a state mouthpiece that provides guidance on which stories are acceptable to publish, and Arabian Business had both published articles about the report and the airline’s denial. I called Dawood, got no answer, and texted him to let him know that other Emirati papers had published the story. I got no response. I wanted to put the story back up, but I did not have access to the CMS at home and did not want to ask my fellow reporter to put her neck on the line. The next day when I got into the office I emailed him to express my disappointment that a critical story with major pubic safety implications had not been published. The media plays an important role in putting the spotlight on companies that are not abiding by regulations or are cutting corners that put the public at risk. About an hour later I was requested to attend a meeting with Dawood and the head of Human Resource where I was informed that I had been “made redundant” effective immediately. They said the English website was being “restructured.” Less than 24 hours after publishing the story I had lost my job and have 30 days from the cancellation of my work visa to leave the country.

Residency visas in the UAE are tied to one’s job. Upon termination the employee provides the visa for cancellation to the company and is given 30 days to leave the country. If you have paid rent in advance – most landlords require rent be paid in one to four checks meaning that one has paid for at least 3 months at a time – then you will loose your money, since there is no protection for such cases and there would be no time to go to court“.

She left the UAE today.

MAURITANIA: Il Presidente incontra una delegazione di RSF: “Il mio obiettivo è quello di liberalizzare la stampa”

arton34846-7aaa0Reporters Without Borders has been given an assurance by Mauritanian president, Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, elected on 4 August 2009, that freedom of the press will be one of his priorities.

The head of state, on an official visit to Paris yesterday, met a delegation from the worldwide press freedom organisation and in a cordial meeting said he was determined to work to improve the state of press freedom in his country.

“My aim it to encourage press freedom and freedom of expression for all Mauritanians. Despite all the insults I have had to bear, I never on principle attack the press in whatever way. I think that public figures who do not accept this principle should change their profession,” the president told the delegation.

“I have decided to put an end to the system of state advertising which was encouraging corruption. The state currently funds 80% of printing of the privately owned press through the national printing-house. It is a major effort and I think it should first help newspapers that appear regularly,” the head of state added.

The discussion with the head of state on the current state of the country’s media and progress made since 2005, came one week after the publication of Reporters Without Borders’ latest world press freedom index, in which Mauritania was ranked 100th out of 175 countries, improving its position by five places compared to 2008.

The president undertook to examine all the issues raised by Reporters Without Borders, which were:

- The urgent need to promulgate the order applying the broadcast law that promotes effective liberalising of the airwaves;

- The need to stabilise the media sector;

- The benefit for Mauritania in filling the legal void in connection with the online press. It raised the case of the editor of the website TaqadoumyHanevy Ould Dehah, who has been in custody since 18 June 2009 and was sentenced to six months in prison. More information on Haney Ould Dehah

Picture : AFP / Watt Abdel Jelil

USBEKISTAN: Mentre la UE vuole dimenticare la repressione di Andijan, i giornalisti uzbeki sono ancora nel mirino della paranoia e delle minacce della polizia

arton34847-237c6In the latest example of official paranoia and harassment of the press, Tashkent-based freelance journalists Vasiliy Markov and Sid Yanyshev were interrogated by police and members of the secret services about their work for more than 10 hours during a recent visit to the eastern border region near the city of Andijan.

“The European Union has just lifted the last of its remaining sanctions on the Uzbek government, but this episode shows that there has been no liberalisation and that Uzbek society is still subject to arbitrary and dictatorial rule,” Reporters Without Borders said.

The two journalists had gone to an area near Andijan to do a report about the difficulties for residents to cross the Kyrgyz border. Just as they were about to begin the return journey to Tashkent, a customs officer stopped them when he saw Yanyshev take a photo from their taxi. After an initial interrogation, he took them to the border post’s commander. They were searched there, their mobile phones were confiscated and they were questioned again about their presence in the region.

A few hours later, they were interrogated again by two members of the SNB (the former KGB) who had been sent specially from Andijan. The two SNB officers discovered the audio cassettes on which they had recorded interviews. In one of the interviews, a local human rights activist talked about the 2005 rioting in Andijan and this year’s rioting in Khanabad.

This made the SNB officers even more suspicious and the two journalists were transferred to the main police station in the town of Karasu. After waiting several hours in the police station’s internal courtyard, they were questioned yet again by the deputy station chief and another SNB officer. They were finally released and their camera and tape-recorder were returned. But the police held on to the audio cassettes.

After returning to Tashkent, the two journalists were not arrested or questioned again and the incident seemed to be over. Yanyshev wrote a careful article in which he described the situation in Andijan as calm. Nonetheless, well-informed sources told him the SNB was determined to ask the prosecutor’s office to investigate him on suspicion of “preparing and disseminating material containing a threat to security and public order” under article 244-1 of the criminal code. The same sources said the secret services also had Markov in their sights.

This is not the first time that Markov has been directly threatened. On 9 July of this year he was given a beating by two men who accosted him in the street and told him: “It is not nice to write for suspect websites. You should just write for [the official newspapers] Uzbekistan Today and Narodnoe Slovo.” As this took place in an area of Tashkent that he does not normally visit, he deduced that he had been followed or located by means of his mobile phone.

The EU imposed sanctions on Uzbekistan in October 2005 after Tashkent refused to let an international commission investigate the bloody crackdown on an uprising in Andijan the previous May. In an indiscriminate and disproportionate use of force, the police opened fire on a crowd, killing hundreds of people (although the official figure was only 188 dead). At the same time, a complete news blackout was imposed on the local and foreign press in Uzbekistan. The sanctions included a ban on visas for 12 senior Uzbek officials, an embargo on arms sales and the partial suspension of a partnership and cooperation accord between the EU and Uzbekistan. The EU began gradually lifting the sanctions in November 2006 and announced the end of the arms embargo yesterday – a move criticised in a releaseissued jointly by Reporters Without Borders, Human Rights Watch and International Crisis Group.

Ten journalists are currently in prison in Uzbekistan. They include Dilmurod Sayid, who was given a 12-year sentence last month, and Solidjon Abdurakhamanov, who received a 10-year sentence in June.

To read independent news on Uzbekistan : uznews.net

(Photo AFP)

GRENADA: Il settimanale “Grenada Today” in liquidazione per una causa per diffamazione intentata dall’ex primo ministro per la pubblicazione di una lettera di un lettore, nel 2001

arton34843-33ccaThe Grenada Today weekly is apparently about to disappear as a result of a drawn-out libel suit by one of Grenada’s former prime ministers, Keith Mitchell. High court judge Claire Henry ordered its liquidation this week after the owners failed to reach an agreement with Mitchell over payment of an exorbitant damages award.

Grenada Today’s liquidation is bad news for media diversity and, above all, a very bad precedent for the resolution of disputes linked to press offences,” Reporters Without Borders said. “Regardless of the substance of the case, it highlights the disproportionate nature of damages awards that threaten the survival of the publication concerned.”

Reporters Without Borders added: “We call for a legislative amendment that limits the amount of damages that a plaintiff can demand. And we hope that, although there are no further possibilities of appeal, that Grenada Today can nonetheless still be saved by a last-minute deal.”

One of the Caribbean island’s five weekly newspapers, Grenada Today has to close after to failing to obtain a reduction of the 71,000 US dollars it had been ordered to pay Mitchell, who was prime minister from 1995 to 2008 and who sued the newspaper in 2001 for publishing a reader’s letter which he regarded as defamatory.

Originally set at 44,600 US dollars, the damages award was increased to the present level on appeal in 2003. While Grenada Today’s liquidation now seems inevitable, its editor, George Worne, has reportedly been approached with a view to opening a new paper.

The Grenada Today case is very similar to the kind of lawsuit specifically designed to intimidate and silence critics that is referred to in English-speaking countries as a Strategic Lawsuit Against Public Participation or SLAPP. It usually takes the form of a defamation action carried out with the aim of forcing the target, a news media or NGO, to either fold or retract because mounting legal costs or the threat of a ruinous damages award.

Reporters Without Borders supports the principle of anti-SLAPP legislation.

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